The differences between Private and Public networks in Windows to VPN?

In this article, we shall discuss “the Difference Between Private and Public Networks in Windows to VPN”. Please see How to allow remote VPN Access for Domain or Local Users, Download and install Norton 360 Anti-Virus on your Mac device, and Microsoft Direct Access: Now Always On VPN. When you connect to a network for the first time on a Windows device, you will be prompted to set it as either a “Private” or “Public” network and ask whether you want your computer to be discoverable by other computers.

This option assists Windows in determining the type of network you are connecting to, allowing it to select the appropriate settings. For example, Windows will adopt more conservative settings on public networks to enhance security compared to your home network.

Private and Public Networks

In the context of Windows, the terms “Private” and “Public” networks refer to different network location types that Windows uses to apply specific firewall and security settings.

These settings help determine the level of security applied to the network and what type of devices can discover your computer on the network. These network location settings are more related to network discovery and sharing options within a local network.

Also, see Windows 10 Always On VPN (AOVPN) Overview, features and Requirements, and how to Fix Error 853: The remote access connection completed, but authentication failed because the certificate that authenticates the client to the server is not valid.

Private Network

A private network is a trusted network such as a home or work network. Computers on a private network can discover each other, allowing for easier file and printer sharing.

Note: In a private network, Windows Firewall might allow more permissive settings to enable file and printer sharing among devices.

On Private networks, Windows enables network discovery features. Other devices can see your Windows computer on the network, allowing for easy file sharing and other networked features. Windows will also use the Homegroup feature to share files and media between your PCs.

Public Network

A public network is considered untrusted, such as a public Wi-Fi network in a coffee shop or airport. On a public network, your computer is more restricted, limiting the ability of other devices to discover your computer.

Firewall Settings: Windows Firewall will usually apply more restrictive settings for a public network to enhance security.

On Public networks--like those in coffee shops--you don't want your computer to be seen by others, though, or share your files with them. So Windows turns off these discovery features. it won't appear to other devices on the network and won't try to discover them. Even if you've set up a Homegroup on your PC, it won't be enabled on a public network.

The same setting can be found via the Windows Settings

With the public network, network discovery will be switched off. See the image below for more information and the section below on how to switch between different profiles.

VPN (Virtual Private Network)

VPN allows you to create a secure connection over an untrusted network (like the internet) to another network. That is, it creates a secure tunnel between your device and the internet, encrypting your traffic and hiding your IP address. It can be used to access resources securely as if you were directly connected to the private network.

This makes it difficult for hackers or third parties to spy on your online activity or access your personal information.

VPN Role in Network Security

Privacy: VPNs encrypt your internet traffic, providing a secure tunnel for data transmission. This is crucial, especially when using public Wi-Fi networks.

Access Control: VPNs can ensure that only authorized users can access resources on a private network.

Why you should use Public Networks over Private Networks

On a private network, using a VPN can still be beneficial, especially if you need to access resources remotely. It ensures that your connection remains secure even when accessing private resources from outside the trusted network. Here, you have the assurance that you are connected to a secure network. I do not see an added advantage over the private network, other than the assurance of accessing from a secure connection and this can be argued in the comment section.

Although private networks offer increased assurance compared to public networks in Windows. They aren’t entirely risk-free. Below are a few potential threats attached to private networks, and this is why Microsoft recommends the public network for your home and public usage.

Internal Threats

A private network is not impervious to threats originating from within its confines. Employees who are dissatisfied or discontented can pose a significant risk, potentially rivalling external hackers in terms of the threat they pose.

Malware and Phishing

Infections within a network can occur through malware and phishing attacks. Should a device on the network become compromised, either through deceptive emails or malicious downloads, there is a risk of the malware spreading within the private network, causing potential harm.

False Sense of Security

Assuming that a private network is inherently secure can be perilous. This false sense of security may lead to complacency, with individuals neglecting to implement necessary security precautions. It is crucial to acknowledge that even private networks require vigilant monitoring and proactive security measures

In summary, VPNs enhance security by encrypting your connection and allowing secure access to resources over the internet. They are valuable for maintaining security and privacy, especially when dealing with public networks or accessing resources remotely.

Since VPN establishes establish a secure connection over an untrusted network to a different network! This traffic will be encrypted and only authorized users can access these resources on a private network.

Therefore, even over a public network, Windows apply specific firewall and security settings and your device is well protected and not discovable in the network. This is the recommended settings from Microsoft.

Switch From Public to Private or Private to Public Network

Upon initial network connection, Windows prompts users to designate network discoverability. Choosing “Yes” marks the network as Private, while selecting “No” categorizes it as Public. To ascertain the network type (Private or Public), users can refer to the Network and Sharing Center within the Control Panel.

Once a device is discovered, it is susceptible to attack (compromise). While true to some extent, the likelihood of compromise depends on various factors, including the security measures in place on the discovered device. We have discussed some potential risks above.

Remember, reconnaissance is the first phase of a cyber attack which involves gathering information about a target system or network. In a protected network where you have all the controls in place, this is absolutely no problem

To switch a network to public or private on Windows 10 and 11, you’ll need to use the Settings app.

Since I am using a wired Ethernet connection. I will launch the Settings app, select “Network & Internet,” and then select “Ethernet”. Click the name of your Ethernet connection.

If you are using a Wi-Fi connection, connect to the Wi-Fi network you want to change. Launch the Settings app, select "Network & Internet," select "Wi-Fi," scroll down, and click "Advanced options." and follow the steps as they are straight forward.

Just click on the Private profile as shown below to switch.

As you can see below, I have now assigned my device to the private network and will be discoverable which is not recommended as shown below.

As you can see, this behaviour will be reflected via the control panel as well.

Customize Discover Settings

To adjust discovery settings, open the Control Panel, navigate to Control Panel\Network and Internet\Network and Sharing Center\Advanced sharing settings

You have the flexibility to enable discovery on public networks if needed or disable discovery on private networks.

Note: By default, both types of networks have Windows "file and printer sharing" disabled, but you can enable it on either or both.

FAQs on the differences between Private and Public networks in Windows to VPN

I hope you found this article useful on the differences between Private and Public networks in Windows to VPN. Please